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Montpellier \u00e0 son \u00e9poque<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t

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La ville de Montpellier fut cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 985, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de la vente d\u2019un manse (petit domaine f\u00e9odal) \u2013Monte pestelario\u2013 \u00e0 un seigneur de Guilhem. B\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant d\u2019une situation privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e, Montpellier va tr\u00e8s vite se d\u00e9velopper : la voie domitienne, la cami salini\u00e9 ou \u00ab route du sel \u00bb, la via Tolosana sur le chemin de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle, le Lez navigable, en font un carrefour d\u2019\u00e9changes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Neuf Guilhem ont administr\u00e9 la seigneurie de Montpellier jusqu\u2019en 1204, date \u00e0 laquelle Pierre II, roi d\u2019Aragon, devient seigneur de la ville.<\/p>\n

Pendant un si\u00e8cle et demi, les rois de Majorque sont seigneurs de Montpellier jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que Jacques III la vende, le 18 avril 1349, \u00e0 Philippe VI de Valois, roi de France.<\/p>\n

En ce milieu du XIVe si\u00e8cle, Montpellier est l\u2019une des villes les plus importantes et les plus peupl\u00e9es du Midi et la deuxi\u00e8me ville du royaume. Capitale intellectuelle d\u2019Occident par son universit\u00e9, profond\u00e9ment pieuse, elle peut faire figure de capitale de la chr\u00e9tient\u00e9. En 1273, il fut fortement question d\u2019y tenir le concile \u0153cum\u00e9nique qui, finalement, eut lieu \u00e0 Lyon, en 1274, sous le pontificat de Gr\u00e9goire X.<\/p>\n

Ville de 40 hectares, de 40 000 habitants, de 10 000 habitations, ceinte de 3,8 km de remparts de 8 m de haut, avec 25 tours de d\u00e9fense et 11 portes, elle est l\u2019un des principaux centres d\u2019affaires et de commerce, par terre et par mer, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son port de Lattes.<\/p>\n

D\u2019un lacis de rues \u00e9troites \u00e9merge le toit pointu de Notre-Dame-des-Tables o\u00f9 est v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e, depuis le XIIe si\u00e8cle, une vierge en bois noir thaumaturge, ramen\u00e9e de croisade par Guilhem V. La Vierge se retrouve d\u2019ailleurs sur le sceau des Guilhem, puis sur celui des consuls. Notre-Dame-des-Tables n\u2019est pas une paroisse, mais un prieur y administrait les sacrements et exer\u00e7ait la cura animarum \u2013 traduction litt\u00e9rale : le soin des \u00e2mes ; p\u00e9nitence, eucharistie, b\u00e9n\u00e9diction de mariage, ensevelissement des morts. Saint Roch y a d\u2019ailleurs \u00e9t\u00e9 baptis\u00e9. Elle concentre la vie sociale, intellectuelle, universitaire, administrative et spirituelle de la cit\u00e9. La Vierge y est patronne de la ville.<\/p>\n

Parlons un petit peu plus longuement de \u00ab ce riant jardin des sciences \u00bb, comme l\u2019a nomm\u00e9 Guillaume de Grimoard, moine b\u00e9n\u00e9dictin de la congr\u00e9gation Saint-Victor-de-Marseille, qui fut \u00e9tudiant puis docteur en droit canonique en 1342 avant d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e9lu, vingt ans plus tard, pape en Avignon sous le nom d\u2019Urbain V. En 1367, il profita de son s\u00e9jour \u00e0 Montpellier pour faire achever les travaux du monast\u00e8re Saint-Beno\u00eet et Saint-Germain (aujourd\u2019hui, emplacement de la cath\u00e9drale Saint-Pierre), de la chapelle et du coll\u00e8ge attenants o\u00f9 seront enseign\u00e9s, d\u00e8s 1367, la th\u00e9ologie, le droit canon et les arts. En mai 1367, il s\u2019embarque pour Rome (lire la \u00ab Vie de saint Roch de Montpellier \u00bb.)<\/p>\n

Les structures universitaires se sont institutionnalis\u00e9es d\u00e8s le XIIIe si\u00e8cle, sous la protection de l\u2019\u00c9glise. Le dipl\u00f4me principal est la licence, d\u00e9cern\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9v\u00eaque de Maguelone.<\/p>\n

Ville de studium g\u00e9n\u00e9ral -ce qui signifiait qu\u2019on pouvait y \u00e9tudier toutes les mati\u00e8res-, on y trouve les universit\u00e9s de m\u00e9decine, de droit civil et canonique, et aussi des \u00e9coles de grammaire et d\u2019arts lib\u00e9raux.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9put\u00e9e pour la qualit\u00e9 de son enseignement et pour l\u2019orientation pratique et clinique de sa formation, avec son stage obligatoire de six mois, la facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, constitu\u00e9e en universit\u00e9 en 1220, a accueilli indiff\u00e9remment, d\u00e8s 1180, des professeurs et des \u00e9l\u00e8ves chr\u00e9tiens, juifs ou arabes. Ses dipl\u00f4mes permettent d\u2019enseigner partout. Ma\u00eetres et \u00e9l\u00e8ves sont en majorit\u00e9 des la\u00efcs qui peuvent donc pratiquer l\u2019incision des chairs et l\u2019anatomie \u2013premi\u00e8re dissection en 1340-. En outre, ils re\u00e7oivent des papes d\u2019Avignon les m\u00eames privil\u00e8ges que les clercs.<\/p>\n

Cette universit\u00e9 a un immense succ\u00e8s, d\u00fb \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ventail de doctrines qu\u2019on ne trouvait qu\u2019en son sein, avec deux grands apports \u00e9quilibr\u00e9s : greco-latin et jud\u00e9o-arabe (Socrate, Galien, Rhaz\u00e8s, Avicenne, Averroes, Maimonide) auxquels venaient s\u2019ajouter des trait\u00e9s originaux sur les maladies, leurs sympt\u00f4mes, les pharmacop\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Quelques noms de m\u00e9decins c\u00e9l\u00e8bres : Arnaud de Villeneuve, Henri de Mondeville, Bernard Gordon, G\u00e9rard de Solo, Gui de Chauliac.<\/p>\n

L\u2019universit\u00e9 de droit civil et canonique, fond\u00e9e \u00e0 la fin du XIII\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, re\u00e7oit en 1339 ses premiers statuts d\u00e9finis par le fameux Bertrand de Deaux, devenu cardinal \u00e0 la curie d\u2019Avignon, apr\u00e8s avoir enseign\u00e9 \u00e0 Montpellier. Il s\u2019inspire des statuts de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Bologne, r\u00e9servant un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant aux \u00e9tudiants dans la gestion de l\u2019universit\u00e9. Beaucoup de prestige pour cet enseignement du droit romain, qui offre de nombreux d\u00e9bouch\u00e9s de carri\u00e8re comme, par exemple, conseiller aupr\u00e8s des princes, dans l\u2019\u00c9glise et les villes.<\/p>\n

Montpellier est une ville qui dispose d\u2019un tissu extr\u00eamement important d\u2019\u00e9glises, d\u2019institutions religieuses, de couvents. On y compte la pr\u00e9sence de nombreux ordres : Franciscains et Clarisses, Dominicains et Dominicaines, Fr\u00e8res du Saint-Esprit, Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean-de-J\u00e9rusalem, Carmes, Augustins, Merc\u00e9daires, Antonins.<\/p>\n

Hors de la commune cl\u00f4ture, il existe deux couvents importants : au sud-est du faubourg de Lattes, le couvent des Franciscains, au nord-est de la ville le couvent des Fr\u00e8res pr\u00eacheurs, qui est l\u2019un des plus importants et des plus anciens de l\u2019ordre, fond\u00e9 en 1220, contemporain de saint Dominique. On y enseigne aux fr\u00e8res venus de tous horizons. Saint Antoine de Padoue y est pass\u00e9 pour enseigner. Ces deux couvents re\u00e7urent la reconnaissance officielle pour l\u2019enseignement de la th\u00e9ologie. Montpellier est, ne l\u2019oublions pas, une ville \u00e9tape importante sur la via Tolosana, c\u2019est une ville de p\u00e8lerinage, elle est donc sur une des quatre grandes routes d\u2019Occident, qui m\u00e8ne \u00e0 Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle. Aussi, chapelles, \u00e9glises, maisons de pri\u00e8res, institutions pieuses et charitables prolif\u00e8rent. Confr\u00e9ries, charit\u00e9s de m\u00e9tiers, chapelleries et couvents sont largement ouverts aux la\u00efcs.<\/p>\n

Montpellier dispose de huit h\u00f4pitaux : Saint-Guilhem, Saint-Eloi, du Saint-Esprit -fond\u00e9 par Gui de Montpellier, \u00e0 la fin du XII\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, \u00e0 l\u2019origine de l\u2019ordre hospitalier d\u00e9j\u00e0 diffus\u00e9 dans toute la chr\u00e9tient\u00e9\u2013 Saint-Jaumes, Sainte-Marie-des-Teutons, Saint-Antoine, o\u00f9 l\u2019on soigne particuli\u00e8rement l\u2019ergotisme (maladie contract\u00e9e par la consommation de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales contamin\u00e9es par un champignon parasite, comme l\u2019ergot de seigle), que les Antonins savent gu\u00e9rir, de la Madeleine pour les femmes repenties, la l\u00e9proserie de Saint-Lazare. Tous, financ\u00e9s par des donations, regroupent les services d\u2019hospitalit\u00e9. Ils re\u00e7oivent indiff\u00e9remment, par lits de 3 ou 4 personnes, passants, vagabonds, indigents, malades et p\u00e8lerins. Ces derniers surtout \u00e0 Saint-Eloi et Saint-Jaumes. Seuls les l\u00e9preux sont soign\u00e9s \u00e0 part.<\/p>\n

Malgr\u00e9 le tournant op\u00e9r\u00e9 dans ce Moyen \u00c2ge, Montpellier reste, en ce milieu du XIV\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, une grande cit\u00e9 du sud de la France.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est une r\u00e9publique marchande, un centre \u00e9conomique dynamique, une ville cosmopolite, cr\u00e9ative, ouverte, tol\u00e9rante, de savoir et fervente, o\u00f9 la solidarit\u00e9, l\u2019entraide et la charit\u00e9 ne sont pas de vains mots. Tout cela va certainement contribuer \u00e0 modeler l\u2019enfance et l\u2019adolescence de Monseigneur Roch \u2013 celui qui va devenir Saint-Roch de Montpellier- un des saints les plus v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s de la chr\u00e9tient\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Saint-Roch naquit juste avant, ou pendant, la terrible peste de 1348-50, et connut deux autres \u00e9pid\u00e9mies \u00e0 Montpellier, en 1358 et 1361.<\/p>\n

Il v\u00e9cut :<\/b><\/p>\n

En 1355, l\u2019invasion des arm\u00e9es anglaises : le Prince Noir, fils d\u2019Edouard III, d\u00e9barque \u00e0 Bordeaux avec une arm\u00e9e de 3 500 cavaliers. Prince d\u2019Aquitaine, aid\u00e9 par les chevaliers Gascons, il va arriver jusqu\u2019aux portes de Montpellier. Par bonheur, il op\u00e8re un repli strat\u00e9gique pour rencontrer le roi de France. Montpellier est sauv\u00e9e.
En 1362, la terrible famine succ\u00e9dant au gros orage qui d\u00e9vasta les r\u00e9coltes.
En 1363, l\u2019hiver extr\u00eamement rigoureux qui d\u00e9truisit vignes et oliviers. Le gel \u00e9tait tellement intense qu\u2019on pouvait marcher sur l\u2019\u00e9tang de Thau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Montpellier \u00e0 son \u00e9poque La ville de Montpellier fut cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 985, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de la vente d\u2019un manse (petit domaine f\u00e9odal) \u2013Monte pestelario\u2013 \u00e0 un seigneur de Guilhem. B\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant d\u2019une situation privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e, Montpellier va tr\u00e8s vite se d\u00e9velopper : la voie domitienne, la cami salini\u00e9 ou \u00ab route du sel \u00bb, la via Tolosana…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"hide","_kad_post_layout":"fullwidth","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"unboxed","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"hide","_kad_post_feature":"hide","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"rankMath":{"parentDomain":"st-roch.com","noFollowDomains":[],"noFollowExcludeDomains":[],"noFollowExternalLinks":false,"featuredImageNotice":"L\u2019image en vedette devrait \u00eatre au moins 200 par 200 pixels pour \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 par Facebook et 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